Legalizing Drugs: The Ultimate Alternative to Cease the Drug War

For years, the United States has constantly been in the midst of a war. As a matter of fact, it is a war that is extreme, costly, and very exposed. Not only is it fought within the U.S. boundaries, but also in foreign shores. This so-called war is the War on Drugs. No one can argue that drugs are like a plague in our society. However, as bad as the effect of drugs on our society is, the effect of prohibition is worse. Federal government has spent billions of dollars on the struggle to end this war. Even the state and local government have spent millions of dollars to cease this war. Local reformers also contribute to this war by generating their own versions of the war and by recruiting as many community groups and leaders as they can to further the effort, but it all seems useless because no favorable results have been obtained so far. The best way to cease this everlasting war is to legalize drugs. Legalizing drugs will help the community as a whole because it will save many lives, help reduce crimes rates, improve research for medicine, and increase the government’s income. By legalizing drugs, hundred of lives can be saved each year. Many of the deaths that are now categorized as â€Å"drug overdose† are, in fact, caused by drugs that are purer than the users’ accustomed dose. This will cause an overdose by merely taking the dose to which they are accustomed. Other deaths are caused by the drugs being â€Å"cut† or diluted with impure or dangerous substances. At present, drugs are cut with anything from relatively harmless things such as baking soda, powdered sugar, lactose and corn starch to poisons like strychnine and arsenic. Legal drugs would fall under the supervision and standards of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thereby insuring cleaner and purer drugs at consistent dosages. In addition, intravenous and intramuscular drugs could be packaged in single use syringes that are designed to be destroyed by the act of using them once. Thus, preventing the reuse and sharing of needles. This will reduce the spread of AIDs, hepatitis, and many other types of infections. Hence, more lives saved, as well as the reduction of burden on many public resources since many drug abusers cannot afford to pay for medical treatment. The government would have control of all drugs. Once the government has control over the drugs, private industries would be in control of the sale of the drugs. Society learned from the, prohibition of alcohol during the 1920’s, â€Å"private industry is much easier to control compared to public industry or the black market† (Prohibition of Alcohol). Legalizing drugs with the appropriate regulation and control would severely limit the access of drugs to children. Just as minors cannot legally but alcohol, they would not be able to walk into a state regulated drug store and buy drugs. Under the present conditions, drug dealers do not care if he customer is 5 years old or 50 years old. These drug dealers are only concerned on the amount of money that goes into their pockets. New laws would be imposed to the people who can but drugs, how much a person can buy, and where the person can buy drugs. Therefore, this would create a safer and more organized society. Legalizing and regulating drug production and sale will eliminate a plethora of drug crimes, as well as crimes related to drugs. Crimes such smuggling, producing and selling drugs would cease to be profitable. It will also limit the availability of funds to finance other crimes such as illegal gambling, prostitution, extortion and terrorism. Former Nobel Prize Winner for Economics, Milton Friedman states, â€Å"The legalization of drugs would simultaneously reduce the number of crimes and improve the respect for the law. It is hard to imagine any other single provision which could make a more significant contribution to the promotion of law and order (Legalization of Drugs).† Being one of the world’s leading drug-related crime nation, the United States needs to diminish the crime rate. The best option is to obtain this is by legalizing drugs or else like former U.S. Secretary of State, George Schultz says â€Å"†¦ will never obtain any results as long as we are unable to separate crime from the drug business and the incitement to criminality this causes† (Legalization of Drugs). Drugs will likely be cheaper. The supply would be relatively consistent. Market forces such as â€Å"supply and demand† will be less of a determining price factor. Nor will the risk factor to dealers and smugglers affect price. The cost of producing most illegal drugs is minimal, particularly in an industrial setting. Therefore, legalization will reduce crimes such as burglary, mugging, and prostitution. Legalizing drugs would be useful in the medicinal world. It is probably one of the prime reasons why drugs should be legalized because it will be helpful for medical-related research. There are numerous ways in which drugs could be used in the medical field. For example, marijuana helps relieve pain caused by glaucoma. Glaucoma is a â€Å"group of eye diseases characterizes by an increase in intraocular pressure (Garcia, Matthews) † in the eyeball causing damage to the optic disc and impaired vision which sometimes develops into blindness for many people every year. Medical researchers found that as the dose of marijuana increases, the pressure within the eye decreases by up to a 30%, thus, lowering the risk of suffering from such a agonizing and dreadful disease (Garcia, Matthews). Cocaine is another drug which can be used because it was the first effective local anesthetic (Spillane, 2000). However, in the late 1880’s surgical procedures using local anesthetics was replaced by a general anesthesia solution. Several countries South America such as Peru and Bolivia still use coca as both a general stimulant and for more specific medical purposes (Spillane 2000). There are, however, some recent and so far uncertain signs of reviving interests in cocaine from the medical institutions and even coca itself for other medical purposes to be used in researches as well as in diagnosis and treatments. Another illegal drug useful for medical usages is heroin. Heroin was once and is still used as a powerful pain-killer which is used to control intense chronic pains caused by severe diseases such as cancer and tuberculosis (Schaffer). Researchers have found signs showing that heroin is significantly less harmful than most of the drugs which are given in its place. There are other ways drugs could be used for medical purposes, however, due to its illegal status there has not been many in-depth studies into the possible uses of illegal drugs as was initially hoped for. Not only will legalizing drugs help the medical community but it will take the medical world into a new horizon with these drugs. The federal government does not know how to control the great amount of money that they have spent on the war on drugs, which still continues. Yearly, â€Å"the federal government spends around $20 billion dollars (Mann, 2001)† on issues related to the war on drugs. Not only does legalizing drugs help needy organizations, but it also helps the community. The money that the government annually spends on the drug war could be used for building rehabilitation centers for handicapped citizens, building more schools to educate people on drugs, or go into funds for a medical or scientific research. According to former chief of the Planning Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health, Theodore R. Vallance, â€Å"the legalization of the now illegal drugs would result in a net saving of $37 billion annual savings for the federal government (Vallance).† The federal government will also benefit from the increase in income due to taxation and licensing of drugs. Just like cig arettes and alcohol, drugs would be taxed. The tax imposed on these drugs should vary on how the drug affects the individuals who take drugs. Marijuana’s side effects, which as â€Å"loud talking and bursts of laughter, lack of memory in conversations, and chronic redness of the eyes (Glantz),† should have a smaller tax rate because its side effects are less severe compared to cocaine and heroin’s side effects. By placing different tax rates on different drugs, according to their side effects, users would start using softer drugs and the usage of harder drugs would be less common because of its high cost. People would have to either start paying to obtain harder drugs or they would diminish their drug use. Drug sales are probably the largest untaxed markets in the United States and around the world, hence, if drugs were legalized, the money from taxing drugs would be used for more serious problems. In short, legalizing drugs will benefit the community at a larger extent. The overly fought, absurd Drug War has been, is, and will continue to be an absolute failure if the United States continues to struggle with it like it has done. Instead, actions needs to be taken and the ultimate alternative is to legalize all drugs. By doing so, a number of lives are saved in many ways. Legalization helps reduce crime, making the community a safer place to live in. Legalization also allows for the exploring or research in the field of medicine. Lastly, the government can save money, but its income will also increase. Works Cited Garcia, G., Matthews, L. â€Å"Laser and Eye Safety in the Laboratory.† New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1995): 102 Glantz, Meyer D. â€Å"Correlates and Consequences of Marijuana Use.† Washington D.C.: METROTEC (1984):37 Mann, Judy. â€Å"Money Spent of Drug War Could Be Put To Better Use.† Washington Post (D.C.) 17 October 2001: C12 Nadelmann, Ethan A. â€Å"An Unwinnable   War on Drugs.† New York Times. 26 April 2001: A23 Spillane, Joseph. Cocaine: from medical marvel to modern menace in the United States. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press (2000): 58-61 Schaffer, Clifford A. â€Å"Basic Facts About the War on Drugs.† Drug Reform Coordination Network.   

A Change in My Life

I have endured many changes in my life and many of them have happened over the past six years. Here are some examples of the changes I have gone through that lead up to the greatest change of my life graduating high school, getting married to the love of my life, loosing my grandfather, and having my son. But none of those changes could prepare me for the greatest change in my life that I had to go through, and that happened on November 19, 201. What started as a typical Saturday morning with a visit with my parents would not end that way. My eighteen year old brother Wilson Gaut was staying the night with a friend of his Friday night and was suppose to be home Saturday morning well we had not heard from him and my mother asked me to call him to see if he wanted to her to hold breakfast for him. Well there was no answer so we went on about our morning and about ten minutes past and she told me to call him back and I did still no answer. At this point I went and began to get my clothes on and I heard my mother yelling and my stepfather telling her to calm down . Then she went to yelling for me and my car keys. When she opened the door I could tell she had been crying but I did not know what was going on. I went running after her and my stepdad told me to go with her after we got in the car she still had not told me what was going on. My mother began telling me to call my family members for example my grandmother and my aunt. My grandmother did not answer so I was told to have my aunt call her until she got an answer. We got to Upper Fort Hapton Road and I saw the rescue unit on in the road directing traffic and we told them that we were with family of the child, I still had no idea what happened. We topped the hill and I could see the fire trucks and ambulance I had then figured out that my brother was hurt. I saw a white sheet on the side of the road covering a body and I knew it was my brother but at that point it did not hit me. I did not sink in until I heard the police officer say to my mother, â€Å"Ma’ma I am sorry to say but your son, he did not make it. † My mother turned to me at that moment and started to tell me and I just hit the ground and started crying saying â€Å"no, not my baby brother!!! † Little did I know that, that day November 19, 2011 would be the worse day of my life, the day my life would change forever and the day my baby brother would be eighteen forever.

Transportation Management Sytems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transportation Management Sytems - Essay Example The first step towards achieving this integration is the dissemination of complete information among suppliers, retailers and carriers. The TMS should plan and manage multiple transportation modes, multiple carriers, multiple routes and multiple tariffs for timely supply of goods at low cost. When the GIV is efficiently operated, it will result in low cost throughout various stages of supply chains. Under GIV, time consumption, labour expenditure along with the handling costs could also be reduced due to a reduction in the number of personnel required to complete the task. Reduced lead time availability is the main benefit from the GIV. It leads to implementation of creative policies resulting in improved product quality and increased customer service. (Hopp and Spearman, 1996). The virtual warehouse (VW) concept, aimed at maintaining real -time global visibility for logistics assets, was pioneered by Global Concepts, Inc. (Stuart et al., 1995; Landers et al., 2000).Real-time information and real-time decision algorithms are the basic things in the VW that provide operating efficiencies. But as proved by the simulation model, conducted for an auto-parts supplier’s (company) multi product supply chain, the GIV could achieve these efficiencies in a single class warehouse (Stuart et al., 1995). The simulation model was experimented with three types of items known as slow moving items, regular items and fast moving items. They are automobile engines, automobile tires and motor oil items respectively.

Virtual Perceptorship Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Perceptorship Nursing - Essay Example From the study, notable findings were that; over the study period, women above 35 years increased their rate of delivery by over 84 % while for women above 40 years, their deliveries increased by over 100%; The prevalence of smoking in women decreased from 32.7% in 1988 to below 25.1% in 2001; prevalence of women below 20 years remained almost the same during the study period at 50%; there was an increase in the proportion of women with a pre pregnancy weight gain of over 90 kilograms over the study period; There was a also an increase in proportion of women with a pregnancy weight gain over the study period. Finally, nulliparity increased significantly over the study period. From the study, the research team concluded that, dramatic changes have occurred in maternal characteristics in Nova Scotia, over the years between 1988 and 2001. From the foreseen changes, it is evident that these changes are on-going. The research team also concluded that, if these maternal characteristics con tinue changing into the future, it is going to affect perinatal health and obstetric practice. This is because; maternal characteristics are known indices of obstetric practice, perinatal mortality and morbidity (Bianco, 1996). Research Critique This research has been done proficiently and effectively. The time period that the research team used was sufficient enough to attain the necessary results and possible conclusions. The study was conducted on Nova Scotia women in a time period of 14 years. This long period of time chosen has made the research proficient in the sense that it gave the research team sufficient time to analyze the chosen maternal characteristics which are useful indices of obstetric practice and perinatal care. Another factor that has made the research proficient is that women chosen were of varying age groups. This has enabled the research team to avoid bias in their findings since one finding may be characteristic of a particular age group and not the other. For example, smoking prevalence was assessed in women below 20 years and those above 35 years. It was found that the prevalence did not change much over the 14 year period in women below 20 years while it increase d tremendously in women above 35 years. The data of the study is reliable and this has ensured that the findings are consistent with the available data. The representative sample chosen was women in Nova Scotia who had given birth between 1988 and 2001. The data was obtained from the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database (NSAPD), a reputable organization that has for years collected accurate data on births in Nova Scotia since 1988. Its personnel are well trained so that there are no errors during data collection exercises. As a result of this, findings on the study are highly accurate and up to date, and they represent the reality on the ground. The reported findings from the study in Nova Scotia are consistent with information available on the subject matter. More recently, studies in western countries indicate that maternal characteristics are changing, and this trend is worrying health care experts (Edwards, 1996). For example, pre pregnancy weight gain has been observed to incre ase in various women, and this is worrying because adverse weight gains in pregnancy are associated with adverse birth outcomes. Recent findings assert that

Stakeholder Anaylsis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stakeholder Anaylsis - Essay Example Person A wants to buy a part for his new product. He has selected three companies to choose. Each company has some history that will influence the purchasing decision of the customers. Person A needs to know which supplier to contract (Friedman and Miles 15). A stakeholder is any person with a special interest in an entity and who influences an entity’s decision and is also influenced by the decisions made by an entity. They are the customers, creditors, employees, owners, shareholders and the society (Friedman and Miles 15). Stakeholder number one are the customers. They are the end users of the invented product (the bike rack). Stakeholder number two are the employees. They are the source of the effort and skills of producing the parts of the bike rack and the bike rack. Stakeholder number three is the society. The entity’s activities either causes the economic and social development or damage to the society. The following factors will be used to compare the top three stakeholders mentioned earlier: the product cost, employee treatment, and social effect (Friedman and Miles 15). The reactions of the stakeholders to the three suppliers has a great bearing on the future sales of bike rack, thus, will influence the future performance of the company. The stakeholder analysis has been done based on three factors such as the price, the employee treatment, and the social effect of the three suppliers. Based on the stakeholder analysis in the above table, company 3 (supplier number 3) is the best among the three. In addition, all the three stakeholders consider company three as the best. For this reason, Person A should sign a contract with company 3 in order to appeal to more stakeholders and improve

Maria Full of Grace Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maria Full of Grace - Movie Review Example In the scene when Maria is traveling to Bogota, the movie captures infrastructure development in the countryside as average. The road on which Maria is traveling on a motorbike is depicted as having only two lanes. The roads are narrow at various points where sharp turns occur along the overlooking valleys. There are a number of ramps along the road at such turns, though the rest of the road sections have no ramps on the side that face the valley. When they reach Bogota, the road network improves to three lanes. There are elements of improvement of infrastructure unlike in many developing countries. There is a flyover, which may be seen to easy traffic along the roads. The buildings on the right also seem modern, though they appear to be based on the 1960s engineering technology that was not so much advanced. The streets of Bogota seem to have been maintained close to the level of other developed countries. There is a zebra crossing and the houses in Bogota central business district are quite properly planned. They are neatly arranged in a line. There is also evidence of streetlights. However, there is evidence of informal settlement and structures within Bogota. There is a poorly constructed structure by the roadside, probably an eatery. The environment around the eatery is untidy. One can see papers lying all over the place in the grass. Some people have parked their cars by the roadside, an indication that probably there are no official parking lots. In one street, vendors have occupied part of the road with their carts, which they sell their grocery. Inside buildings, there is an evidence of poor planning in lighting. The corridor and the rooms, through which Maria walks are dark, almost like dungeons. Life in Bogota is generally lively. There is a little bit of pomp. People seem to mix freely. Much of the countryside in Colombia is quite impoverished, so is part of the urban dwellers. Survival mechanisms in urban areas include taking odd jobs such

Interview a principal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview a principal - Essay Example This constitutes on interview with one such individual – Principal Robert Cavo of Nixon Elementary School in Roxbury School District. Interview 1. What was the hardest job you had to manage as a principal? Hardest thing for him was curriculum because this was an area of weakness. In this situation he brought in experts (his curriculum coordinators) in to help him through it. While there were state standards for curriculum, managing the means by which specific curriculum aspects were emphasized and the most efficient means of instruction were and remain prominent areas of concern. In a sense teachers, like the students, need to come to intimately understand the curriculum as through this deep-understanding the greatest instruction emerges. It becomes his responsibility to ensure that this occurs. In situations where your weakness lies, you need to know when to get/bring in help. Therefore, as a leader, you must take the time to learn the area of weakness to improve but also bri ng in strong individuals to assist you in the process. He notes that it’s impossible for a single individual to have the greatest knowledge of all areas and this was a major aspect he had to learn early in his administration. Since he has come to recognize that in large part the job of the principal is the successful and efficient delineation of power. Your personality will dictate your areas of strengths and weakness. A good leader will know their areas of strengths and areas of improvements. 2. What is/was the greatest internal reward you got out of your principal position? One afternoon, I was walking down the hallways and there was a little boy walking towards me and I happen to know his name. Therefore, I said hello, David. The boy turned to me and asked me, if I know every student in the schools name. By this comment, it symbolized that the students felt like they mattered to me. Ultimately I entered the education profession primarily because I saw it as an avenue to ut ilize my given strengths and talents in a meaningful context. I feel my life is enriched everyday through interactions with students and parents, as you really come to recognize that you are making a positive difference in the community. Kids felt like they matter when they attended school, which meant the teacher felt like they mattered, which meant the parents felt like what they thought mattered and that is what the principal’s main goal was as a school leader. 3. Are there words of advice or wisdom someone had told you or you have heard that you try to structure your principal philosophy around? Don’t feel that you can’t ask someone a question or someone for help. I am one to always ask for help? Or how did you get his done, or how did you do this? Not like I am going to do the specific task the same way, but I will see the path on how you got there. While I recognize that it’s important for the school principal to demonstrate a strong vision and inde pendent path, this must occur within the context of the school and greater community. Rather than attempting to institute my outside vision I have come to adopt a view of progress and leadership as an organic element of community and student interests. My role as a principal then becomes balancing and forming these interests into a functional whole. 4. What is/was your principal’

Evaluation of a Business Code of Ethics Research Paper - 1

Evaluation of a Business Code of Ethics - Research Paper Example So, perfect work ethics mainly initiated and managed by the leaders and management will only ensure smooth functioning for the organization and elevate its image. A foolproof and effective ethical program should be given top most priority and should be incorporated in every aspect of organizational functioning, without exception. So, this article will evaluate the ethical program in the one of the largest corporations of the world, Shell Oil Company In 1833, Marcus Samuel, a London Shopkeeper, decided to introduce oriental shells as fashion in interior design. Till 1886, the demand for oil was restricted to lighting and lubricants. With the invention of internal combustion engine and the first automobiles, the demand for gasoline arrived. By then the business was taken over by Marcus Samuel Junior and Sam Samuel. In the 1880’s, oil was being exported from Russia to other countries from the ports at Black Sea. Oil was transported in barrels and it consumed a lot of space in the hold of the ship. The Samuel brothers commissioned a fleet of bulk oil tankers for transporting oil. The Samuel brothers achieved a revolution in oil transporting with the maiden voyage of the first tanker the â€Å"Murex† through the Suez Canal in 1892. The brothers initially called their company the Tank Syndicate but later renamed it to Shell Transport and Trading Company in 1897. Petroleum was also being produced in the East Indies, whic h was a Dutch colony, by the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company. With stiff competition from Standard Oil, the two companies joined together to form Asiatic petroleum Company in 1903. The full merger of the two companies into Royal Dutch Shell Group came in 1907. Today, Shell is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies. As per Forbes report (2009), in the year 2009, the Royal Dutch Shell was ranked 2nd largest company in the world, with assets worth US $ 278.44

International Corporate and Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

International Corporate and Contract law - Essay Example Contract and business law are increasingly composite and at the present they affect every industry and all types of commercial contract; from entering into an agreement, to ensure the validity of purchase circumstances. A contract law is generally an agreement enforceable through law. For the legal contract law to become legal, it must satisfy certain legal necessities. There are various courses of contracts which, though ideal so far it relates to structure, consideration and contract, are not specified. All the agreements are deemed to be contracts, if the agreements are prepared by the free consent of the parties, capable to contract, for a legal consideration with a legal objective, and are not specifically declared as invalid. The following are considered as the necessary elements of a valid contract: agreement, intention to create a legal relationship, free and genuine consent, and parties competent to contract, legal consideration, legal object, agreements not declared void or illegal, certainty of meaning, possibility of performance and the necessary legal formalities. In this particular problem scenario, there is no written agreement among the parties to the agreement so this is not a valid contract. As a case in point, John is not liable to pay compensation to Gold Iron Inc. As he, John John, claims that he did not enter into any binding agreement wit the firm, and that his signature produced by the Gold Iron Inc. was forged. â€Å"The Contract Act is the law of those agreements which create obligations, and in case of a breach of a promise by one party to the agreement, the other has a legal remedy.† (Law of Contracts n.d). The Fact of the Case: In this case, Gold Iron Inc, which is a steel manufacturer company, is incorporated in Pennsylvania (USA). John, is an Italian citizen, is an engineering consultant who has spent much of the time traveling round the earth. When he is not at work, he spends his time with his family in Italy and also wit h his mistress in England. John’s assets are mostly located in England. During his journey he happened to meet the president of Gold Iron Inc that is Mr. Unwin at a conference in New York. As a result of this relationship is that John agreed to carry out some consultancy work on behalf of Gold Iron Inc. John, on the other hand, claims that he did not go into any kind of binding agreement and that his signature was forged. The Agreement enclosed a clause of dispute resolution that says: Any argument arising out of this agreement consisting of questions regarding its validity and existence will be exclusively referred to the courts in English, and that the governing rule of this agreement shall be Italian law too. After few months Gold Iron Inc started legal proceedings against John in the courts of Italy for breach of contract. In the course of the actions John’s lawyer claimed that Gold Iron Inc was intentionally seeking to delude the court by forged written proof. The court decided that the proof was not forged and completed that John was in breach of contract. The Italian court handed down a verdict in December in Gold Iron Inc’s favour, ordering John to pay compensation of â‚ ¬5 million. â€Å"Since a very substantial body of European contractual and commercial law derives its inspiration from Roman law, it is appropriate that modern Italian law be taken as representative of the contract and commercial law

Security of Information in Government Organizations Essay

Security of Information in Government Organizations - Essay Example Whatever format government organizations store their information, it needs to be protected properly (Aoufi, 2011). ISO 27002 claims that information safety is the central aspect of government’s information security that guarantees three features which are: integrity, availability and confidentiality of asset (Aoufi, 2011). Integrity is about protecting the truthfulness and extensiveness of information. This feature denotes to the necessity that information is secured from improper change Availability is certifying that only approved employers have access to information and associated assets when needed. This property refers to the protection of information from denial of service Confidentiality guarantees that information is accessible merely to those approved employers. This feature denotes to the security of information from illegal leak (Aoufi, 2011) There are no priorities regarding the importance about those three features. The importance of each of the features relies on the perspective of how they are implemented in government organizations. For example, information which is categorized as public is needed to assure availability and integrity and confidentiality is not needed (Aoufi, 2011). Information Security In Government Organizations Information security in government organizations are the promise that information, resources and facilities are protected against concession and people are secured in contradiction of workplace violence. Through information security government can guarantee its own security that supports the health, protection, economic welfare and safety of citizens. Security arises by forming trust among government, citizens and people within government organizations. Within government organizations there is need to certify that people... This essay stresses that in any government organization, the resources and operations are highly reliant on information technology to achieve the objectives and targets. Considering the high reliance, information becomes a strategic enabler for success of government organizations. Thus, defending information is main concern for any government establishments This paper makes a conclusion that through information security, government organizations can protect their information system from illegal accessing, leaking, distraction, alteration, inspection, coping or damaging. Government organizations possess several intimate information regarding nuclear operation, military operation, business deals, and employees. Most of those data are processed electronically and shared across organizations’ internal network. As the use of internet and computer increases and develops, the risk of leaking and stealing those high priority information has also increased. There are internal as well as external threats of government information. Thus, information security has become highly important and technologically advanced expressively in recent times. Government organizations are required to provide a great deal of effort for protecting information asset from external as well as internal threats. Through proper security measures government, organiz ations are able to ensure the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information.

Arts and Sciences essay Essay Example for Free

Arts and Sciences essay Essay To what extent does the subjective nature of perception act as an advantage for artists and an obstacle that is to be overcome by scientists?  In the theory of knowledge, there are four ways of knowing: perception, reasoning, language and emotion. The central focus is on perception which is fundamentally about using one or more of the five senses to gain knowledge. There are several areas of knowledge such as the arts, sciences, human sciences, history, mathematics and ethics. However, the two focal areas of knowledge are the arts and sciences. A science is an area of knowledge where the scientific method is employed through formulating a hypothesis, constructing a method and drawing a scientific conclusion from the results. The arts are completely different on the other hand. It accentuates the importance of using ones imagination and expressing emotions through an aesthetically pleasing medium be it visual arts, drama, dance, music or literature. Perception is known to be very subjective which means that different individuals can perceive and interpret the same object in a different manner. What may be deduced by someone may not be the same as the conclusion that another person has drawn. The subjective nature of perception has been known to obscure the nature of science and at the same time, work well for artists. Despite certain exceptions, the subjective nature of sense perception can be viewed as a substantial advantage for artists but it can be a hindrance for scientists. Perception is known to be very subjective regardless of the sense because different people have different abilities and tastes. We know perception is subjective because one person might perceive something different from his/her acquaintance. For instance, in the movie A Beautiful Mind, the protagonist Nash has taken drugs therefore he hallucinates. Whilst he sees images of his past, his family and friends are not able to see or hear those images therefore Nashs perception has been substantially deceived. This shows that the perception is skewed towards one viewpoint because people have different abilities to see and hear different things. Another reason why perception may be subjective is because different individuals have different tastes and this can formulate differing opinions about a particular topic. For example, a Middle Eastern person, who is not very accustomed to spicy food, might find jalapenos very spicy because of the amount of heat in jalapeno however an Indian may find it insufficiently spicy because they eat much spicier food at home. Across the world, different people have contrasting tastes therefore this makes the nature of perception even more subjective. However, there are counter claims which contravene with this knowledge issue. For instance, when it comes to color, almost everyone can agree on one standpoint. For example, everyone can safely say that the sky is blue including the color blind people because they only struggle perceiving the colors red and green. This shows that perception is sometimes objective. There are some other examples that apply to the different senses besides eyesight. For example, coffee without any sugar is very bitter and almost all, if not all people can agree on the fact that sugarless coffee is bitter. This shows that there are some aspects of this world where peoples views about a particular object are the same no regardless of where they originate from. This means they acquire the same knowledge. However, the fact still remains that perception can sometimes be subjective because not too many people would interpret an object in the same manner due to differences in tastes, abilities and cultural perspectives. Moreover, we know that the subjective nature of perception can hamper a scientist from gaining correct knowledge about the sciences. For example, according to what we cover in the chemistry syllabus, the atom is composed of protons, neutrons, electrons, electron shells and orbitals. However, these subatomic particles are so infinitesimally small to the extent that no one can be able to see them, not even with the aid of a microscope. This can pose a major problem for scientists because it hampers with their knowledge of atomic chemistry. It also ignites doubts about whether claims about the atom are correct or not. There are many experiments to find out what exists within an atom but they are all different, thus substantiating the subjective nature of perception. However, this can prove to be an invalid argument because different people interpret different phenomena differently. In this case, even though all the people would struggle to see the subatomic particles, some people would more easily find evidence of atomic structures. Acids are another example which substantiates the subjectivity of perception. Orange contains an acid called citric acid which has a high pH and is therefore a weak acid.

Training the trainer on training outcomes

Training the trainer on training outcomes 1.1 Overview Organizations are defined as people working together in order to achieve common purpose. They along with working together are also collectively responsible for results. For this reason, the study of human interaction is emphasized. This requires the communication development through which right direction were set hence accomplishing the organizational objectives and goals. The more these goals are clear; the better were the understanding by the employees Grà Ã‚ °tton, Hà Ã‚ °iley, Stiles Truss (1999). But one should remember that the organization comprises of people with different cultures and value diversities. For any HR manager, the main target is to merge all the cultures simultaneously and carefully so that no employee feels left out. The cultural diversity increases the work of HR as the management has to revise their policies in order to develop and formulate rules and regulations which are free of any racial or gender discrimination. Religion, race, sect, sex, ethnic bel ongings are such critical factors which need to be focused upon in order to bring the harmony in organizational structure and employees (Delaney, 1996). The importance of HRM is not only evident with the HRM plan formulation and its coherence with the organizational goals but the HRM policies also form a major portion of the entire human resource management concept. HR policies are required in an organization as the employees are from diverse backgrounds which require limitations in order to harmonize the workplace culture and situation. For this reason, every organization requires a strategy for developing, enforcing and communicating the HRM practices and policies that reflect the acceptable standard behavior (Garavan, Costine Heraty, 1995). 1.2 Problem Stà Ã‚ °tà Ã‚ µmà Ã‚ µnt To study the organizational practice of training the trainer and its effect on training outcome. 1.3 Research Hypotheses H1: There is no relationship between training duration to trainer on the job performance of the employees. H2: There is no relationship between training duration to trainer on employee level of satisfaction with the training program. H3: There is no significant difference between types of training given to the trainer with the job performance of the employee. H4: There is no significant difference between the types of training given to trainer with the level of satisfaction of the employee with the training program. 1.4 Outline of the Study Thà Ã‚ µ scopà Ã‚ µ of rà Ã‚ µsà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ °rch is rà Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ °tà Ã‚ µd to the effect of training the trainer on training outcomes. The training of the trainer approach has become a promising method to train and develop the trainers and by that training the employee in the organization. When trainers themselves receive training it is usually aimed at familiarizing them with the specifics of a new or revised module or program. The approach appears to be use full in developing the different skills of the employee and improving their job performance and productivity as well. The question here is that what should be the intensity of the training the trainer and the types of training given to them such as on the job off the of the training and by that the training given to the employees what will be the level satisfaction of the employees with the training program and improvement in the job performance. The trainer can use the shared experiences to create positive images of the new model and its potential effectiveness. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Human capital is increasingly being seen as an issue of strategic significance in the industry today. It is this aspect of competition that provides most decisive elements of business advantage for a company by way of market responsiveness, process and technology innovation or enhancing customer experience (Ahmad, Schroeder, 2003). In this modernized world where globalization is fast crating an effect, the workplace realities of the ancient organizations no longer exists. It has become past and needs to be revised very carefully before any aspect of it can be implemented nowadays. It has become increasingly important for the organizations to introduce new methods and meet the new training needs of the employees. The reality of workplace, the changing work environment has increased the end for the managers to reconsider the methodologies of developing durable and strong relationship between the employees and organization that ultimately leads to the achievement of the organizations goals and objectives Lado, (1994). A thorough and complete understanding of the employees training need has became important for the management in order to accomplish what employees expect from the organization in order to return what organization expect from them. Therefore it becomes clear from the researches that a Trained work-for ce is an instrument of success for full filling the needs of a rapidly changing work environment for both, the employees and the organization. It also becomes clear that a well- Trained workforce were eventually lead to the organization achieving its goals and objectives in a better an efficient manner. To serve this purpose ob building a strong bond between the management and workforce, the role of the top management is very crucial in this respect. Human capital is capable of playing a pivotal role compared to financial capital, in the effectiveness of the organization. In modern times people are believed to me a source of competitive advantage and carry more importance in leading a company towards success, rather than finance (Bordia, Hobman, Jones, Elizabeth Callan, 2004). A business employs factors of production to carry out its business activity. It is very important for a business to be sure that all its resources are allocated efficiently in order to be profitable. The most important, vital and significant resource of a company is the people it employs. Due to increasing globalization and competition, the productivity of labour has become increasingly important for the companies in determining its efficiency. Businesses, like those in service sector, whose staff deal directly with its consumers need to be very conscious about the training level of their employees. Training has become important for the business to gain competitive edge by attracting the best recruits. They must be aware that to win completion, it is important for them to attract and retain the best labour possible (Desveaux, 1994). A milestone in a success of an organization is fulfilling the continually changing needs of employees and the organization. A heavy responsibility rests on the shoulder of the management to develop durable and strong relationships between them. Companies expect workers to follow the rules according to the terms and conditions set for them. Employees in return expect fir pay, good working conditions, secure career, fair treatment, involvement in decisions and power. These expectations of both groups vary from company to company. For any business to deal with these expectations successfully a complete understanding of the employee training becomes necessary (Glick, Huber, Miller, Doty Sutcliffe, 1990). It is usually that it is the organization and not managers that fail to hold managers responsible for creating training among the people. They fail to understand the role of training and its connection to job performance. One of the biggest challenges for Human Resource is to persuade line managers to develop and manage people. These line managers should be able to build string and personal relationship with the employees through effective communication. There is a need for the line mangers to understand the nature of the employee and his subordinates and should be able to deal with the problems of workers effectively. A thorough understanding of the needs of the subordinates were eventually let the managers know what the employee aims for and what are their goals and objectives Goodman, Rousseau Church (2004). They can then decide how to develop and implement strategies that were achieve the objectives of the company while letting the employees achieve their personal goals. Staff t hat is untrained were reluctant to do their jobs quickly and efficiently and were only provide the minimal of what is required of them from the organization. It is important to know how well trained staff were alter the levels of productivity and performance within a company, thus affecting the competitiveness of the business. A well Trained staff is not only able to increase productivity and performance but is also prepared to accept responsibility, willingly and happily. There is low labor turnover which reduces the business cost of hiring and training new labor. With a highly motivate staff, a business also benefits from low absenteeism rate and employees participate on making suggestions for improvements (Hui Lee, 2000). Herzberg identified five main factors that resulted in job satisfaction. These factors can easily be identified in an organization and can be used for evaluation. The five main factors include achievement, recognition for achievement, responsibility, nature of work itself and advancement. These are the factors which can easily be identified if they exist in an organization. Similarly Herzberg gave five main factors that resulted in job dissatisfaction. These are termed as companys administration and policy, salary, supervision working conditions and relationships. This factor can easily be searched for in an organization to determine the effects of training. Improving the work performance has always been and were continue to be the major concern of all businesses Jimmieson Terry (1999). It is the performance of work that creates satisfied managers and/or dissatisfied managers. The work performance has always been an important issue for the businesses as their success and failure depends upon the performance displays by their workforce. A manager when pays the employee, expects to return the worth of what is paid to him. In case of failure to do so, many workplace issues are created that managers then need to deal with. It is not always possible for managers to repay the accurately the input employee has put into work. This is because there exist no method to measure the input against the output which the employee receives or perceives. Failure to come up to the expectation results in detraining. Is also seen, as described by the expectancy theory that workers expect according to what they see around. Now it becomes difficult for manager s to know how they perceive their work output and it is compared to whose job (Klein, 1996). The performance at work is not only dependent upon the skills and abilities the worker possesses but there are many factors that exist which creates and leave an impact upon the performance of the employee. A well-Trained employee results in well performed job and an unsatisfied employee who is untrained towards his job naturally results in a poor job performance. But the question what motivates man to perform better has many answers. There are many training factors as discussed above that leaves an impact upon the training of the employees (Liden Graen, 1980). Training and development is always been an issue for the organizations and there HRD According to Mintzberg, Henry Westley Frances (1992) HRD as a profession is deeply concerned about issues of individual and organizational learning, change and success , and how, through its professional roles and activities, it Can benefit people and organizations as they pursue various goals and interests. According to Jick (1993) Training and development of employees is viewed as an important factor in Ensuring that employers Have a capable, skilled and knowledgeable workforce. As Miller, Johnson Grau (1994) reported that From the company perspective Training and development of the company Employees are essential for organizational operation and organizational advisement. To have positive results training must tie closely to appropriate effective training method and training delivery mechanism (Goodman, Rousseau Church, 2004). The first training decision that a company has to make is not necessarily concerned with whom to train. Instead, the company needs to start by considering whether to buy the new skills they require in the labor market by hiring properly skilled labor, or whether it is preferable to acquire the new skills by Training the companys present staff. If the company decides to invest in its current personnel, then it is faced with a multitude of highly interrelated questions: Who are to be trained (Glick, Huber, Miller, Doty Sutcliffe, 1990). The training of the trainer approach has become a promising method to train and develop the trainers and by that training the employee in the organization. When trainers themselves receive training it is usually aimed at familiarizing them with the specifics of a new or revised module or program. The approach appears to be use full in developing the different skills of the employee and improving their job performance and productivity as well. The question here is that what should be the intensity of the training the trainer and the types of training given to them such as on the job off the of the training and by that the training given to the employees what were the level satisfaction of the employees with the training program and improvement in the job performance. The trainer can use the shared experiences to create positive images of the new model and its potential effectiveness. But Despite heavy investment in the training program , organizations can frequently fail to evaluate t he success of their training program Therefore, it is important for organizations to incorporate into their training programs strategies to improve the transfer of training (Desveaux, 1994). As Bordia, Hobman, Jones, Elizabeth Callan (2004) reported after the training investment has been made, logically the focus turns to the effects of the training. Few attempts have been made in connection with organizing measurements to determine the level of training effectiveness involving trained individuals. The lack of reliable, valid measurements of Learning, reaction (satisfaction with training) and training impact at work may be one of the factors that have been hindering research progress in the training evaluation area (Lado, 1994). HRM is itself involved in the measurement of the employee efficiency but the process of HRM itself needs to be assessed and monitored in order to leave no room for loopholes. Measuring HR performance were include every aspect like HR departments, HR functions and HR operations. In HRM monitoring in order to check its effectiveness, every aspect pertaining to HRM were taken under consideration. However it is not very easy to assess and quantify the effectiveness of HRM as there are no strict parameters and metrics that are used as base for evaluation. In comparison to this, financial assessment is easy as there are metrics and parameters in terms of budget etc. So overall, HRM effectiveness is the hardest aspect of organizational assessment (Ahmad Schroeder, 2003). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Method of Data collection Personal survey method was used to collect the data. The researcher was personally visit different organizations belonging to different sectors and though a questionnaire primary data was collected from H.R managers and employees . 3.2 Sample Size and Sampling Technique A sample size of 220 respondents was used for carrying out the research and the technique used for sampling is convenience based sampling. 3.3 Instrument of Data Collection In this research, Questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection and the instrument is in the form of closed ended questionnaire was filled by the H.R managers and employee who receive training. The source of questionnaire was measured by using likert scale. 3.4 Statistical tool In this research ANOVA and Correlation was used for the analysis of the results. 3.4.1 Reliability test The instrument was pre-tested where 4 to 5 sample questionnaire were filled to the different respondents just to identify whether it was easy to understand. Through pretesting it was found that all respondents felt comfortable in responding and found the instrument interesting as well. Reliability analysis allows studying the properties of scales of measurement and the things that build them up. The Reliability Analysis procedure calculates a number of frequently used procedures of level reliability and also gives information about the associations between individual items mentioned in the scale. Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .692 18 3.4 Research Model used PRATICES OF TRAINING THE TRAINER TRAINING OUT COMES Improvement in job performance of the employee Level Of Satisfaction of the employees with the training program Training frequency Types of Training (Self Developed Model) CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Findings and Interpretation of the Results For finding the results the research used correlation and Post Hoc tests. Rejection region: P-value H1: There is no relationship between training duration to trainer on the job performance of the employees. H2: There is no relationship between training duration to trainer on employee level of satisfaction with the training program. Table 4.1 Correlations Length Of Training Employee Satisfaction Job Performance Length Of Training Pearson Correlation 1 -.103 .039 Sig. (2-tailed) .666 .870 N 20 20 20 EmployeeSatisfaction Pearson Correlation -.103 1 .776** Sig. (2-tailed) .666 .000 N 20 20 20 JobPerformance Pearson Correlation .039 .776** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .870 .000 N 20 20 20 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The coefficient of correlation can vary from positive one (indicating a perfect positive relationship), through zero (indicating the absence of a relationship), to negative one (indicating a perfect negative relationship). As a rule of thumb, correlation coefficients between .00 and .30 are considered weak, those between .30 and .70 are moderate and coefficients between .70 and 1.00 are considered high. However, this rule should be always qualified by the circumstances.   From table 4.1 the coefficient of correlation between Length of Training and Employee Satisfaction is -0.103 which shows the perfect negative relation between Training duration and Employee Satisfaction. The coefficient of correlation between Length of Training and Job Performance is 0.039 which shows the weak relation between Training duration and Job Performance and it concludes that training duration does not made positive impact on Employee Satisfaction and Job Performance. The significant value of Pearson correlation between Length of Training and Employee Satisfaction is greater than 0.05 i.e. 0.666, and the significant value of Pearson correlation between Length of Training and Job Performance is also greater than 0.05 i.e. 0.870, so P-value >0.05 Accept Ho. Hence H1 and H2 are Accepted, there is no relationship between training duration to trainer on the job performance of the employees and on employee level of satisfaction with the training program. It is concluded that trai ning hours does not made an impact, the quality of training made the change. H3: There is no significant difference between types of training given to the trainer with the job performance of the employee. H4: There is no significant difference between the types of training given to trainer with the level of satisfaction of the employee with the training program. Table 4.2 ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. JobPerformance Between Groups .000 2 .000 .001 .999 Within Groups 1.482 16 .093 Total 1.482 18 EmployeeSatisfaction Between Groups .007 2 .003 .020 .980 Within Groups 2.734 16 .171 Total 2.741 18 Research tests the impact of training given to trainer on job performance and level of satisfaction of the employee. The Anova Table 4.2 shows that the significant level are greater than 0.05. The significant value of training Between Groups within Groups given to the trainer with the job performance of the employee is 0.999 and the significant value of training Between Groups within Groups given to trainer with the level of satisfaction of the employee with the training program is also 0.980 i.e. P-values >0.05 which means that our both hypothesis are true. Hence H3 and H4 accepted and it is confirmed that there is no significant difference between types of training given to the trainer with the job performance of the employee and with the level of satisfaction of the employee with the training program. Table 4.3 Multiple Comparisons Bonferroni Dependent Variable (I) Type Of Training (J) Type Of Training Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound JobPerformance Not applicable Custamised .00000 .16975 1.000 -.4537 .4537 Both -.00800 .19248 1.000 -.5225 .5065 Custamised Not applicable .00000 .16975 1.000 -.4537 .4537 Both -.00800 .16975 1.000 -.4617 .4457 Both Not applicable .00800 .19248 1.000 -.5065 .5225 Custamised .00800 .16975 1.000 -.4457 .4617 EmployeeSatisfaction Not applicable Custamised -.03222 .23059 1.000 -.6486 .5841 Both -.05200 .26146 1.000 -.7509 .6469 Custamised Not applicable .03222 .23059 1.000 -.5841 .6486 Both -.01978 .23059 1.000 -.6361 .5966 Both Not applicable .05200 .26146 1.000 -.6469 .7509 Custamised .01978 .23059 1.000 -.5966 .6361 In Table 4.5, the low standard error shows the accuracy and fitness of variables in the model. The mean difference between type of training I and type of training J in both cases Job performance and Employee satisfaction are very low, it satisfies that the means of type of training I and type of training J in both cases are equal or all means are near to equal. The right most column shows the confidence interval, the maximum value of upper bound at 95% CI is 0.7509 and all the significant values are greater than 0.7509 i.e. 1.000. It concludes that the statements; there is no significant difference between types of training given to the trainer with the job performance of the employee and with the level of satisfaction of the employee with the training program, satisfies. Hence H3 and H4 Accepted. 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary S.NO. HYPOTHESES SIG. RESULT H1 There is no relationship between training duration to trainer on the job performance of the employees. 0.870 ACCEPTED H2 There is no relationship between training duration to trainer on employee level of satisfaction with the training program. 0.666 ACCEPTED H3 There is no significant difference between types of training given to the trainer with the job performance of the employee. 0.999 ACCEPTED H4 There is no significant difference between the types of training given to trainer with the level of satisfaction of the employee with the training program. 0.980 ACCEPTED CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATION, FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion Training is very important for any organization. It helps in developing new workforce and motivates employees. The biggest challenge for Human Resource is to persuade line managers to develop and manage people. These line managers should be able to build string and personal relationship with the employees through effective communication. There is a need for the line mangers to understand the nature of the employee and his subordinates and should be able to deal with the problems of workers effectively. The performance at work is not only dependent upon the skills and abilities the worker possesses but there are many factors that exist which creates and leave an impact upon the performance of the employee. A well-Trained employee results in well performed job and an unsatisfied employee who is untrained towards his job naturally results in a poor job performance. But the question what motivates man to perform better has many answers. The first training decision that a company has to m ake is not necessarily concerned with whom to train. Instead, the company needs to start by considering whether to buy the new skills they require in the labor market by hiring properly skilled labor, or whether it is preferable to acquire the new skills by Training the companys present staff. The training of the trainer approach has become a promising method to train and develop the trainers and by that training the employee in the organization. When trainers themselves receive training it is usually aimed at familiarizing them with the specifics of a new or revised module or program. The approach appears to be use full in developing the different skills of the employee and improving their job performance and productivity as well. The question here is that what should be the intensity of the training the trainer and the types of training. What were the level satisfaction of the employees with the training program and improvement in the job performance? The trainer can use the share d experiences to create positive images of the new model and its potential effectiveness. 5.2 Recommendations and implications: Training is a very important tool for any organization. The company while letting the employees achieves their personal goals. Staff that is untrained was reluctant to do their jobs quickly and efficiently and were only providing the minimal of what is required of them from the organization. It is important to know how well trained staff was altering the levels of productivity and performance within a company, thus affecting the competitiveness of the business. A well trained staff is not only able to increase productivity and performance but is also prepared to accept responsibility, willingly and happily. Companies should provide adequate trainings to their trainers and maintain a high level of standards to improve their training skills from which their end customer the employee can benefit from it 5.3 Future Research: Future research can be done on the trainers motivations that how trainer feels motivated after given the training to the employee. As the trainer is motivated then it will be more beneficial for the organization because it gives his best to the employee and in the long run employees become more efficient in their work. 5.4 Conclusion The main purpose of this study was to highlight effects of training the trainer on training outcomes. Training duration to training to the trainer has a no effect on the job performance of the employee and the level of satisfaction of the employees with the training program. It was also seen that there is no relation between the type of training given to the trainer with the level of satisfaction of employee with the training program and job performance. It was observed that there was a bias in the respondents responses. Responses of majority employee of non trained trainer were same as the employee with trained ones. This can be the result of less secure job and unemployment status in Pakistan. In an economy which is going though an economic turmoil as majority of organization looking to cut down cost training is the first thing they abundant. This can be one reason why there is no co-relation between trainings the trainer and performances of the employees.

Arab Israeli War 1967

Arab Israeli War 1967 Introduction Israel and Arabs have fought a number of wars after 1947. After the creation of Israel in 14 May 1948, Arab and Israel became front to front in 1949, 1956, and 1967 and in 1973. Among all those the war of 5 -10 June 1967 also famous for six days war was the one of the major conflict. For Arabs it was the revenge and for Israel it was a war of survival. The outcome of war became a defeat for Arabs and victory for Israel. The entire Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights and Jordanian territory west of River Jordan including Jerusalem was captured by Israel. â€Å"This campaign taken as one of example in the history as decisive effects on striking to enemy defenses through deep penetration in very short period of time.† (Army command and staff collage, 2012). Aim The aim of this presentation is to analyze the decision making and brought out lesson learned from 1967 Arab Israel war. Historical Background Historically Arabs and Jews are sprung from the prophets Ismael and Issac both sons of prophet Abraham. Prophet Ismael is believed to be the ancestor of the Arabs while Prophet Issac became the ancestor of Jews. So for both the Palestine is holy land. The creation of Israel on 14 May 1948 was the main cause between Jews and Arabs conflicts. Arabs considered the creation of Israel as an independent State is plot against the people of Palestine by the Europeans and Americans. In 1956 Israel attack Egypt with the support of Britain and France to open Suez Canal. They occupied Gaza strip and large part of Sinai but left the area because of international pressure and 1967 war was taken as a sequel to these conflicts. Major factors for the 1967 conflict After the 1956 war there are many issues arises in this area. Arabs are looking to revenge for their loss in 1956 and for Israel it was always the survival after its creation. According to Rowman Littlefield (2000) some of the important factors, which contributed directly towards escalation of 1967 conflict, are as follows: a. Refusal of Arabs to recognize Israel as independent state. Increasing activities of Palestinian guerrillas Al- FATEH against Israel. b. Withdrawal of United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) on 19 May 1967 that increased the already existing tension between Egypt and Israel. c. The Mutual Defense Pact signed by Egypt and Syria in 4 Nov 1966 and Jordan Egypt Defense Agreement on 30 May 1967 that strategically threaten the Israel d. Closing of Channels of Tiran that cut off the Israeli access to Red sea. On which the Israelis immediately responded with a pre-emptive attack on June 5, 1967 that is starting of famous six-day war. Analyze the 1967 War Short six days war of 1967 change the big boundary in the Middle East. After this war Israelis strategic situation had changed and they became more stronger where as the Arabs faces the humiliating loss. Different historians analyzed this war in their different way. Army command and staff collage (2012) analyzed this six days war as follows. Arabs National Aim/Objectives: Arabs had set for themselves the aim of achieving political victory over Israel. To achieve this, they signed defense pacts among themselves and planned to give economic, political, psychological and military pressure to Israel. National Strategy: Ever since the creation of the Israel as independent State, the Arab’s national strategy is the destruction of it and creation of an independent Palestine. Military Strategy: The Arabs had no offensive intention at the outset. Their total emphasis was on achieving a political victory and preventing Israel from going to war. Therefore, their military strategy was: (1) Deterrence through troops concentration helping guerrilla activity and playing the card of ‘Crush Israel’, in the Arab world. (2) Force mobilization for long duration and closing of Straits of Tiran, which Israel could not able to afford. (3) If war is imposed, force Israel to fight war on three fronts, all from Sinai, Jordan and Syria. Centre of Gravity: Arabs identified Israel Defense forces as the center of gravity. But they failed to notice that within these their strength lay in their mobility. Concept of Operation: a. War on more than two fronts to keep Israelis committed in all directions. b. Initiate actions like forward concentration, guerrilla activities and closing of Straits of Tiran which will force Israel either to submit or attack the Arabs, which is politically advantageous for Arabs. c. If the war starts, involve Israel in long-drawn war of attrition and exploit their numerical inferiority. Israel National Aim/Objectives: The national aim of Israel was the survival and defense of their homeland. Their strategic concept has been to avoid war but if a war is imposed they were to go for a quick and decisive war. National Strategy: Israel had the national aim of ensuring the sovereignty and territorial integrity of their country by employing all possible instruments of national power like: military, political and diplomatic. Military Strategy: Israel military objective was offensive against Arabs for defense of their homeland. Therefore there military strategy was: (1) Surprise Arabs both at strategic and tactical level to lure them into a false sense of complacency. (2) Undertake a pre-emptive air strike to achieve complete air superiority over Sinai. (3) Undertake a pre-emptive ground offensive too. (a) Fight the war on enemy territory and seek decisive battle on their soil. (b) Have a short and decided war destroying the Egyptian forces in Sinai. (c) If Jordan and Syria also enter the war, then capture strategic objectives of West Bank of River Jordan and the Golan Heights. Center of Gravity: Israelis rightly identified that within the three Arab countries the center of gravity laid in Egypt especially its armed forces. Once Egyptian Army Is destroyed, Syria and Jordan could never initiate an offensive on their own. They accordingly dealt with the Egyptian air and ground forces first deferring Syria and Jordan for the time being. Concept of Operation: Employment of all conceivable political and psychological measures to give an impression to Arabs that Israel had been outwitted in time and space and was not in a position to under-take a major offensive. Having completely deceived the Arabs, acquire complete air superiority by under taking a pre-emptive air strike against Egyptian air bases followed by similar strikes against Jordanian and Syrian air bases. Appreciating that center of gravity lay with Egyptian Army in Sinai, Israelis decided to affect a swift dislocation of Egyptian defenses by breaking-through the critical triangle of Rafah, EI-Arish and Abu Agheila, isolate them and then carry-out destruction of the trapped enemy. Maintain initially a defensive posture against Syria and Jordan. And after secured and destroy the Egyptian side in the Sinai, concentrate forces against Jordan and Syria. Main Reason of Loss/Achievement of War Failure Threat Perception by Arabs: There are full of examples in history that whenever a nation or a commander failure to calculate the capabilities and intentions of the enemy’s he had to pay heavy price. Same here the Arabs completely misread Israeli reactions, in-spite of there own provocative actions. They failed to perceive the inherent mobility of Israeli ground forces and went wrong in their appreciation that they would be able to involve Israel into a long-drawn war of attrition on their three successive defense lines which Israel couldn’t manage. Strategy of Pre-emption by Israelis: Fully conscious vulnerability due to lack of strategic depth and multi-directional threat from Arab states, Israel had well prepared to use the option of pre-emption. Israelis knew that it would be difficult to destroy Arabs in full front war without taking initial initiative. So that they use the strategy of pre-emption for which they are fully prepared. Lessons Learnt Threat Perception: The correct visualization of enemy was very important to gain initiative in war which the Arabs failed resulting loss in war. Surprise: Surprise at strategic as well as tactical level in war is very key to achieve success. In spite of inferior in number and equipment Israeli achieve success because of there surprise not only lies on the military but at political leadership as well. Strategy of Pre-emption: Israel’s strategy of pre-emption adequately showed the importance of this strategy especially for a force inferior in number and equipment. Training: High standard mission oriented training can bring amazing results. Training is the only aspect by which one can offset the quantitative superiority of enemy as shown by Israelis in this war. Intelligence: Correct intelligence about enemy intents, capabilities and preparation has always been of paramount importance. This fact was further highlighted by these wars. Decision Theories in 1967 in War Cognitive performance: As crisis induced stress grows up and need of more effective decision making authority and bold leadership. â€Å"When stress was low, Israelis decision makers evaluated all courses properly and made decisions for their interest. And their stress increased after closing of straits, which was perceived as a threat to their basic values. During this situation also Israel’s decision makers were psychologically prone to reliance on past experience, which created a greater conceptual rigidity as a guide to coping with current threats to basic values. They seemed to be acutely aware of their complex environment. Increasing stress and fatigue during this crisis did not weaken their dimension of cognitive performance.† (Brecher and Geist ,1980). Focus on immediate objectives: We find that Israelis decision makers gave more attention to immediate than long-term objectives in this 1967 crisis. Like countering the blockade of the Straits, withdrawal of UNEF and Arabs military build up. But long-term goals and interests influenced all the decisions taken after the crisis. Brecher and Geist (1980) clustered the decisions into five stress phases corresponding to time periods. Which are detailed in table below. S.N. Stress Phases Time Periods Decisions Taken 1 Low Stress Phase Before 17 May Issue a threat of retaliation against Syria – 7 May Place the IDF on alert – 15 May Limited mobilization – 16 May 2 Rising Stress Phase 17–22 May 1967 Order further mobilization of IDF reserves – 17 May Institute large scale mobilization – 19 May Shift IDF from defensive to offensive posture – 19 May Authorize the mobilization decision – 21 May 3 Higher Stress Phase 23-27 May 1967 Postpone decision on military response to Egypt’s massing of troops- 23 May Send Foreign Minister to U.S.- 23 May Warn the U.S. that an Egyptian attack was imminent Await Foreign Ministers report on his discussions in Paris, London, and Washington- 26 May 4 Highest Stress Phase 28 May- 4 June Delay pre-emptive decision again- 28 May Renew the IDF alert- 28 May Send Director of Counter Intelligence to U.S.- 30 May Form a National Unity Government- 1 June Crystalize military plans – 2 June Launch pre-emptive air strike – 4 June 5 Declining Stress Phase After 4 June Warn Jordan against military intervention – 5 June Delay attack on Jerusalem’s Old City – 5 June Encircle the Old City – 6 June Enter to Old City- 7 June Halt IDF advance east of the Canal – 7 June Not to cross Syrian border – 7 June Delay attack on Syria -8 June Scale the Golan Heights – 9 June Accept cease fire – 10 June Rational Theory: Rational choice theory provides decision-makers choose their best options for their interest. It tell us that when faced with risk, decision makers consider the expected values and probabilities of possible outcomes and choose the option with the highest value. â€Å"For Israel and Egypt, those periods were a turbulent period of international relations. During those times both Israel and Egypt were constantly faced with â€Å"risky† decisions while at the brink of war. The decisions made by these two states, specifically the decisions to go to war, were sometimes unexpected and unexplainable given current models of rational choice.† (Kelly, 2008). Conclusion Although the 1967 Arab – Israel war was limited type of war happened only for six days, it has been the favorite subjects for military historians. This war gives real picture of saying â€Å" Offense is best form of Defense.† This war shows how leadership, wills, motivation and training count in war in spite of technology. Reference Army Command and Staff Collage. (2012). Military History Primer. Kathmandu: Army Command and Staff Collage. Brecher, M., Geist, B. (1980). Decision in Crisis: Israel, 1967 and 1973. Vol. 1. (Pg. 341-394). California: University of California. Bregman, A. (2009). Israel’s Wars: A History since 1947. Routledge. Howard, M., and Hunter, R. (2012). Israel and the Arab World: the Crisis of 1967. Routledge. Kelly, N. and Christopher, B. (2008). Ripe without warning: Israel and Egypt 1967-1973. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations. Vol. 2 (1), (Pg. 013-019). Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPSIRà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨. Popp, R. (2006). Stumbling Decidedly into the Six-Day War. MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL. Vol. 60(2), (Pg. 281-309) Remnick, D. (2007). The Seventh Day: Why the Six Day War is still being fought. Sudetic, S. (2014). Pre-Emption and Israeli Decision- Making in 1967 and 1973. Routledge. Retrieved from http://www.e-ir.info/2014/03/16/pre-emption-and-israeli-decision-making-in-1967-and-1973/

Proteus Mirabilis Essay -- Biology Medican Medicine Essays

Proteus Mirabilis Life History: Proteus mirabilis is part of the normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. It can also be found free living in water and soil. When this organism, however, enters the urinary tract, wounds, or the lungs it can become pathogenic. Proteus mirabilis commonly causes urinary tract infections and the formation of stones. Microbiological Characteristics: Proteus mirabilis is part of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is a small gram-negative bacillus and a facultative anaerobe. Proteus mirabilis is characterized by its swarming motility, its ability to ferment maltose, and its inability to ferment lactose. P. mirabilis has the ability to elongate itself and secrete a polysaccharide when in contact with solid surfaces, making it extremely motile on items such as medical equipment. Disease: The most common infection involving Proteus mirabilis occurs when the bacteria moves to the urethra and urinary bladder. Although Proteus mirabilis mostly known to cause urinary tract infections, the majority of urinary tract infections are due to E. coli. One-hundred thousand cfus per milliliter in the urine are usually indicative of a urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections caused by P. mirabilis occur usually in patients under long-term catherization. The bacteria have been found to move and create encrustations on the urinary catheters. The encrustations cause the catheter to block. Symptoms for urethritis are mild including frequency of urination and pyuria (presence of white blob cells in the urine). Cystitis (bladder infection) symptoms are easier to distinguish and include back pain, concentrated appearance, urgency, hematuria (presence of red blood cells in the urine), a... ...d ciprofloxin. In cases with severe stone formation, surgery is necessary to remove the blockage. Proteus mirabilis is part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract, and as a result the bacteria enters the urinary tract or infects medical equipment by the fecal route. Consequently, prevention includes good sanitation and hygiene, including proper sterilization of medical equipment. It is also suggested that patients not requiring catherization should not receive catherization, despite its convenience for the caretaker. Sources Cited: http://www.cdc.gov http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1929.htm http://bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$108 http://www.microbelibrary.org/FactSheet.asp http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch026.htm file://C:DOCUME~1BobLOCALS~1TempAM8EQCBC.html http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/37/9/2840

Essay on Symbols and Symbolism in Toni Morrisons Beloved :: Toni Morrison Beloved Essays

Symbolism in Beloved Toni Morrison enhances the effectiveness of Beloved with symbolism. This symbolism has a myriad of origins as well as forms. Number symbols come from astrological sources, while characters' names are allusions from ancient Egyptian mythology, the Bible, and African culture. Furthermore, important color symbols are discernible throughout the novel. From the very beginning of Beloved, the number 124 is distinguishable. In fact, it appears as the first character of each book of the novel. As the address of the home where most of the plot takes place, this number is extremely important. According to astrology, the numbers 1, 3, 7, and 22 are "ascribed with magical powers" (Samuels 135). These magical powers are said to be symbols of completion and creation. 124 fits this astrological delineation because the sum of the three digits in the number add up to the aforementioned 7. In addition, a significant association among characters in the novel is in the form of three people -- Sethe, Beloved, and Denver. Secondly, the name of the protagonist of the novel, Sethe, is associated with "one of the major gods of ancient Egypt and the Biblical Seth, who was the child of Adam and Eve" (Samuels 136). This Egyptian god was part man and part animal or bird, which explains the animal imagery surrounding Sethe in the novel. For example, when explaining her secret about Beloved to Paul D., Sethe is described as if she is a circling falcon or bird. Morrison writes, "She just flew...and the hummingbird wings beat on" (163). The name Sethe is also unique as a name for a female slave because it is derived from the names of Egyptian and Biblical males. Morrison uses the name to add to the masculinity of Sethe's character. Sethe's ability to overcome overwhelming tragedies and challenges such as her escape from slavery in Kentucky and the murder of her child identifies her with this quality. Additionally, the name Sixo symbolizes the dehumanization of slaves during the late 19th century. His name, derived from the number 6, implies that white masters didn't consider their slaves with enough respect to recognize them with more than a number. This renaming also symbolizes the power the slaveowners felt by stripping slaves of their individuality. The distinction of color in slavery adds to the color symbolism which pervades Beloved.

Shakespeares Tempest Essay -- Drama Analysis

William Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the most influential writer's of the 16th century. His command on modern English is uncanny and texts that he authored are considered some of the most exceptional pieces of literature. Throughout all of his plays are intricate plot and character development that end with philosophical life lessons that can apply to anyone. In William Shakespeare's the Tempest, Prospero projects the oppressive demeanour that initially made him a prisoner onto Caliban and Ariel which ultimately leads to his shift from ignorance to knowledge. Initially Prospero was duped, betrayed and inevitably usurped by his brother Antonio. It is in this pivotal section of the plot that provides an explanation as to why and how Prospero displays such acrimonious behaviour. As Prospero relays the story of how they arrived on the island he explains that he trusted his brother to run his kingdom while he was â€Å"...all dedicated/To Closeness and the bettering of my mind (1.2.89-90). He became so wrapped up in his studies of the liberal arts that eventually Antonio won over his people and â€Å"...he needs will be/Absolute Milan (1.2.108-109). Prospero was ultimately usurped and â€Å"...one midnight/Fated to th' purpose did Antonio open/The gates of Milan, and i' th' dead of darkness/The ministers for th' purpose hurried thence/Me and thy crying self (1.2.128-132). They disposed of Prospero and his daughter, â€Å"...There they hoist us/To cry to th' sea that roared to us...(1.2.148-149). Eventually â€Å"By providence divine. (1. 2.159)† they made it to the island that Prospero would inevitably establish his vicious sovereignty over. He lost his Dukedom due his perfidious brother. However it is evident that Prospero grew ignorant to the ne... ... art to enchant;/And my ending is despair...†(5.2.1-14). This is a decisive end to Prospero's controlling demeanour and a very clear shift from ignorance to knowledge is distinguishable. There is a unimpeded progression of maturity that Prospero is subjected to. Instead of taking vengeance on those who wronged him he ultimately decides to function with his â€Å"...nobler reason...† (5.1.26). He understands that the way he has composed himself and treated others is no better than the lack of benevolence he has been subjected to. In William Shakespeare's the Tempest, Prospero projects the oppressive demeanour that initially made him a prisoner onto Caliban and Ariel which ultimately leads to his shift from ignorance to knowledge. The relationship between servant and master is beautifully articulated and exemplifies enticing altruistic values that one should strive for.

Assess the postmodernist views of the mass media Essay

PM argue mass media are central to the PM theory, as the decline of traditional communities, time-space compression and flexible production – all derived through the media. PM argue the global society is media-saturated, making it harder to distinguish between reality and hyper-reality, and making culture fragmented and unstable. PM challenge viewing audience as passive and easily manipulated, as they use media images to construct individual identities. The major criticism of PM is that their argument is based on abstract concepts and a lack of empirical evidence. Marxists criticise PM for ignoring inequalities in media access, and that the media messages can mislead the audiences, as the main effort behind them is maintaining profit for capitalists. PM argue the society today is media-saturated. BAUDRILLARD argues the media messages dominate and distort the perception of the world. People live media-led virtual lives, spending time on social networks (eg. Twitter) or playing such video games as Second Life. Media-saturated society had created increasing uncertainty in the world by making it hard to discern reality from fantasy. BAUDRILLARD notes people are bombarded with the mass media daily. As a result, the media define our sense of reality and self-perception. To support, BAUMANN suggests people live in a liquid modernity, where we base our identity around consumption, and pick n mix identities. BAUDRILLARD agrees that identity is driven my media-created pressure to consume. However, Marxists argue capitalism is behind media-created pressure to consume, and the growth of consumerism represents the success of capitalism rather than diverse media messages. Nonetheless, BAUDRILLARD still argues that identity is formed by media images, rather than class and imposed values. PM argue the media actively create reality. BAUDRILLARD argues media images have replaced reality to such an extent that we live in hyper-reality, i. e. reality structured by electronic communication. In turn, the media present simulacra (artificial copies of real events), which is hard to differentiate from reality. There is no longer separate reality for things like TV programmes, highlighted by media stories about fictional characters. TUCKLE notes that the lives of TV characters have become more real to the audience than actual communities. For example, people felt so strongly about TV show Cheers that they created Cheers bars in America, similarly to creating Central Perk coffee shops after popularity of Friends. Moreover, the media can create realities of such major events as wars. BAUDRILLARD argues that the First Gulf War was a simulation created by the media, noting that ‘the war only happened on TV’. While not denying the existence of conflict, he criticised its portrayal in western societies. However, the impact of hyper-reality and simulacra is uneven between social groups. They are only significant to those who can access them. PM are criticised for ignoring that media images can increase perception of inequality. More importantly, PM ignore concerns over concentration of media ownership and ideological function hyper-reality may perform. Marxists suggest the RC may create the hyper-reality to reinforce their ideology, whereas Feminists suggest some aspects of hyper-reality, particularly games like GTA, reinforce patriarchy and misogyny. PM highlight the increasing importance of popular culture promoted by the media. STRINATI notes the mass media have caused a breakdown of distinction between high and popular culture, making popular culture dominate the way people define themselves. Popular culture has more influence on our lifestyles than social structures, as opposed to Marxist view that the media owners influence the media output thus influence our identities. However, PM are criticised for not being able to empirically prove the link between popular culture and creation of identities. PM conducted small scale ethnographic research, as they reject possibility of discovering objective truth about social world. However, it severely undermines their argument. In support of PM, however, neo-functionalist PUTNAM found empirical evidence to highlight the breakdown of the real world social interaction and declining social capital due to the influence of the media, and especially new media. In conclusion, PM view of the media is influential in drawing attention to the impact of the media on creation of identities and how consumption influence people’s ability to create their identities themselves. However, the major limitation of PM theory is reluctance to recognise the significance of the market forces and concentration of media ownership in understanding the media impact on the society. Moreover, PM do not acknowledge the media’s role of promoting and exacerbating inequalities among audiences.

Adn vs Bsn

ADN vs BSN stately canyon University NRS 430V October 18, 2012 totally over the course of time, umpteen an(prenominal) different types and aims of decimal points bring on developed in the ara of treat. To twenty-four hours, many individuals be in an internal passage of arms of having either their ADN or BSN, the two most common degrees in the field. According to a sample survey, 50. 0% of the breast feeding hands latestly stockpile a BSN and 36. 1% feel obtained an ADN (American fellowship of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). An ADN is an Associates degree in Nursing, whereas a BSN is a Baccalaureate in Nursing.The moment of the involvement arises from the confusion of what the genuine benefit and residuum the BSN would make in the regulate field due to the current good diversity of sucklemaids with both degrees who engage in the kindred areas doing the alike work. other(a)(a) than a slim pay difference, at that place are many benefits that individuals dont realize there are in having a BSN. The jump bachelors degree degree was developed in the United States at the University of Minnesota in 1909. Today, most BSN programs hear about 4 years to complete.These programs fancy up students to pr doingice in the beginning take aims of lead. They put in students by including the comp unrivallednts of reference and persevering fullty, evidence-based practice, unspecific teaching, information management, chat/collaboration, clinical prevention, usual health and new(prenominal) professional set in the course. In nowadayss world, the demands placed on go for in the emerging health care transcription are probably to require a greater harmonise of RNs who are lively beyond the harmonize degree or sheepskin take aim (Creasia & Friberg, 2011).Research has line of battlen a few major, very burning(prenominal) differences in the work force of those with BSNs opposed to those of ADNs. Those differences, although all ADN/BS N breast feeding programs piddle the same red rate for the NCLEX-RN licensing examination, show that those binds whom grow a high trainingal activity are associate to a return in music errors, lower mortality pass judgment, and better case patient care. The NCLEX tests for those negligible basic skills and knowledge needed to have a safe entry into the nurse practice.The test does non test those abilities conditi integrityd in the bachelors degree program (American connection of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). These bare(a) skills include, just are non limited to captious thinking, health promotion, management, and tract commensurateness to work in both in and outpatient areas (American fellowship of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). Those extra skills are creation shown to be indispensable for the future demands that pass on come in the changing health care dust and the new, increasing necessarily of the patient population.Many hospitals today are become what ar e called magnet hospitals. These hospitals are those that are requiring all give sucks who are in loss leadership/management positions to have a bachelors degree or diploma degree by 2013, and have an 80% baccalaureate hustling RN military group by 2020 (American connective of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). As an casing of a patient care line involving a obligate handling an issue involving a patient, analyze a cling to prepared at the BSN level as opposed to the ADN level, the BSN RN would better keep the situation.Of the many nurse/patient scenarios that this conception could apply to, one that would be more than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) commonly seen would be universe a team leader in a code. The nurse that holds the ADN level of cultivation does not have the same amount of education as the nurse holding the BSN level does, that extra education be specifically linked to leadership, detailed thinking, professionalism and evidence-based practice researc h. The nurse with the BSN would be able to more efficiently recognize early signs and symptoms, direct a team during a code, know which action at law to take at which time, and handle oration with family.The decision-making process of the nurse with the BSN would be make quicker and be made with more experience throne the issue or question. In conclusion, the act of nursing revolves around the focus of health. That level of act with the higher(prenominal) education is fitting more and more needed as healthcare progresses. The baccalaureate of nursing provides that higher level of act, including the roles of comminuted thinking, professionalism, ethics, teaching, and accountability.With the straind research, more and more studies are proving every day how a nurse with a BSN compared to one with an ADN can moderate mortality rates and failure-to-rescue cases. With the development of the drawing card hospitals, the movement is being made to dish those numbers continue to pro gress in a positivistic direction. The education of nursing is theory driven, those theories being obtained from science, religion, ethics, humanities and evidence-based practice. (Grand canon University, 2011) References American necktie of Colleges of Nursing. (2012).Fact sheet creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce. Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/ NursingWorkforce. pdf American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2012). The impact of education on nursing practice. Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Creasia, Joan L. , & Friberg, Elizabeth E. (2011). Conceptual foundations the duo to professional nursing practice (5th ed. ). St. Louis, MS Mosby, Inc. Grand canon University. (2011). Grand Canyon University College of Nursing Philosophy. 1-2. 2 2Adn vs BsnADN vs BSN Grand Canyon University NRS 430V October 18, 2012 Over the course of time, many different types and levels of degrees ha ve developed in the field of nursing. Today, many individuals are in an internal conflict of having either their ADN or BSN, the two most common degrees in the field. According to a sample survey, 50. 0% of the nursing workforce currently hold a BSN and 36. 1% have obtained an ADN (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). An ADN is an Associates degree in Nursing, whereas a BSN is a Baccalaureate in Nursing.The issue of the conflict arises from the confusion of what the actual benefit and difference the BSN would make in the work field due to the current good mixture of nurses with both degrees who work in the same areas doing the same work. Other than a slight pay difference, there are many benefits that individuals dont realize there are in having a BSN. The first baccalaureate degree was developed in the United States at the University of Minnesota in 1909. Today, most BSN programs take about 4 years to complete.These programs prepare students to practice in the beginn ing levels of leadership. They prepare students by including the components of quality and patient safety, evidence-based practice, liberal education, information management, communication/collaboration, clinical prevention, public health and other professional values in the course. In todays world, the demands placed on nursing in the emerging health care system are likely to require a greater proportion of RNs who are prepared beyond the associate degree or diploma level (Creasia & Friberg, 2011).Research has shown a few major, very important differences in the work force of those with BSNs opposed to those of ADNs. Those differences, although all ADN/BSN nursing programs have the same passing rate for the NCLEX-RN licensing examination, show that those nurses whom have a higher education are linked to a decrease in medication errors, lower mortality rates, and better quality patient care. The NCLEX tests for those minimum basic skills and knowledge needed to have a safe entry int o the nursing practice.The test does not test those abilities learned in the baccalaureate program (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). These extra skills include, but are not limited to critical thinking, health promotion, management, and flexibility to work in both in and outpatient areas (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). Those extra skills are being shown to be essential for the future demands that will come in the changing health care system and the new, increasing needs of the patient population.Many hospitals today are becoming what are called Magnet hospitals. These hospitals are those that are requiring all nurses who are in leadership/management positions to have a baccalaureate or diploma degree by 2013, and have an 80% baccalaureate prepared RN personnel by 2020 (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2012). As an example of a patient care situation involving a nurse handling an issue involving a patient, comparing a nurse prepared at the BSN level as opposed to the ADN level, the BSN RN would better handle the situation.Of the many nurse/patient scenarios that this concept could apply to, one that would be more commonly seen would be being a team leader in a code. The nurse that holds the ADN level of education does not have the same amount of education as the nurse holding the BSN level does, that extra education being specifically linked to leadership, critical thinking, professionalism and evidence-based practice research. The nurse with the BSN would be able to more efficiently recognize early signs and symptoms, direct a team during a code, know which action to take at which time, and handle speaking with family.The decision-making process of the nurse with the BSN would be made quicker and be made with more experience behind the issue or question. In conclusion, the act of nursing revolves around the focus of health. That level of act with the higher education is becoming more and more needed as health care progresses. The baccalaureate of nursing provides that higher level of act, including the roles of critical thinking, professionalism, ethics, teaching, and accountability.With the continued research, more and more studies are proving every day how a nurse with a BSN compared to one with an ADN can decrease mortality rates and failure-to-rescue cases. With the development of the Magnet hospitals, the movement is being made to help those numbers continue to progress in a positive direction. The education of nursing is theory driven, those theories being obtained from science, religion, ethics, humanities and evidence-based practice. (Grand Canyon University, 2011) References American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2012).Fact sheet creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce. Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/ NursingWorkforce. pdf American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2012). The impact of education on nursing practice. Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Creasia, Joan L. , & Friberg, Elizabeth E. (2011). Conceptual foundations the bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed. ). St. Louis, MS Mosby, Inc. Grand Canyon University. (2011). Grand Canyon University College of Nursing Philosophy. 1-2. 2 2